The February Reading List: Short Stories for a Shorter Month

With the hope that you were able to pick a few books from our January reading list, we bring you a set of recommendations for the month of February. As this month is always a day or two short when it comes to a calendar year, we have dedicated the month to short stories. We are sure you will enjoy all these books and get to know more about Indian people, our habits, and our culture through these stories.

Boats on Land: A Collection of Short Stories – Janice Pariat

This book brings the northeastern part of India closer to us through stories that touch historical contexts as well as the folklores of the region. Janice Pariat weaves tales that paint pictures from different time periods in this book published by RHI. You can purchase a copy here.

In a Forest, a Deer: Stories by Ambai (English & Tamil)

Originally written in Tamil by Ambai and translated into English by Lakshmi Holmstrom, the book tells many tales with female protagonists and touches several social subjects of Indian life. Published by Oxford University Press, you will read great prose written in the inimitable style that has come to characterise Ambai’s writing. Get a copy here.

Teresa’s Man and other stories from Goa: Damodar Mauzo (English translation from Konkani)

Damodar Mauzo is one of the most effulgent signatures of contemporary Konkani literature. His collection of Konkani stories boasts of stories that manifest the not so known facets of Goa. The stories are relatable and yet very essentially local. The book has been translated by Xavier Cota and published by Rupa Publications. Buy the book here.

Meri Priya Kahaniyaan – Amrita Pritam

This book is in Hindi and has a collection of legendary writer Amrita Pritam’s favourite stories from her own writings. These stories sketch the love, desire, emotions, and pain in a woman’s life. Published by Rajpal & Sons, pick this book up to read some heartening stories by the author. Get a copy here.

Usha Kiran Khan Ki Lokpriya KahaniyanUsha Kiran Khan

Padma Shri Usha Kiran Khan is a prolific writer in Maithili and Hindi and is also a Sahitya Akademi award winner for her book – Bhamati: Ek Avismarniya Premkatha in Maithili. This book has 24 Hindi stories from the author that deal with questions of female identity, dignity, and the difficult realities of their lives. Published by Prabhat Prakashan, this book consists some of the most loved stories by Usha Kiran Khan. Buy your copy here.

Syed Muhammad AshrafтАЩs тАШThe Silence of the HyenaтАЩ Is a Commentary on the Wild Side of Human Behaviour

Animal fiction is an intriguing genre in literature especially the ones that are written for adults. Be it OrwellтАЩs Animal Farm or Perumal MuruganтАЩs Poonachi, these works do not merely stay as works of fiction. They, instead, go on to serve as a commentary on society and its ironies. Syed Muhammad AshrafтАЩs тАШThe Silence of the HyenaтАЩ is one such commentary on human behaviour. Written originally in Urdu, the book is a collection of short stories and a novella translated by M.Asaduddin and Musharaff Ali Farooqi.  

Syed is one of the most prolific contemporary Urdu writers and also a Sahitya Akademi award winner. His works are known to be a poignant portrayal of the marginalized. тАШThe Silence of the HyenaтАЩ is no different and bears testimony to the pathos and deep sensitivity that his works carry. Interestingly all the animals in these stories are тАШwildтАЩ and therefore, a sense of impending danger prevails over most of the stories. For instance, in the story title тАШRogueтАЩ, where three men go out to hunt a rogue elephant on a winter night, you can almost feel a chill in your spine.

Happening at the edge of a forest, these stories, on one hand, depicts a day in the lives of people and their encounter with the wild beings. However, the symbolism in most of the stories is too hard to miss, especially the ones with the Hyena. Real horror begins when the difference between man and animal blurs and you canтАЩt say who is who. In the story, тАШ And then laughed The HyenaтАЩ when everyone in the family walks with a тАШchat-chatтАЩ just like the hyenas, you are thrown into a world of eerie surprise and you end up reading it again to ensure you are not delusional.

тАШDeath of an AntelopeтАЩ and тАШThe VultureтАЩ sound more like fables. While the plots of these stories are quite obvious and they lack the usual layers that exist in all the other ones, they are still enjoyable. They give you a break from all allegories and metaphors. Nevertheless, these too keep you brooding. The stories, тАШThe Silence of the HyenaтАЩ and тАШThe Last TurnтАЩ are intricately layered in their narration and divulge the hypocrisies in human behaviour. However, my favourite one among the short stories is тАШSeparated from the FlockтАЩ. A heart-wrenching tale based on the Indo-Pakistan partition in 1947, it talks about the trauma of separation, the grief of the migrated, their broken wings and homelessness.

The last part of the book is the Novella тАШBeastтАЩ – the story of village administrator Thakur Udal Singh and his wild bull Neela. A critique of the oppression of the marginalized and organized crime, this feels a little too stretched in places. The similarities between Thakur and Neela are anything but uncanny and their end seems befitting. But too much is lost before the end arrives, thanks to the terrorizing duo.

While the animals and more so the humans from the stories instil fear in you, Syed offers you some respite in the form of nature. Since all the stories are based on a rural setup, Syed makes sure you walk through the sugarcane fields, watch the sunset, and wake up to a frozen lake.  While I will never know how the original work in Urdu sounds, the translated prose certainly reads beautifully. If you are ready for some pondering and re-reading until you find all the answers, this is the book for you. And did I mention that I loved the cover of the book too?

BLF2020 | GrandparentsтАЩ Bag of Stories – Sudha Murty with Andaleeb Wajid

тАЬI donтАЩt write to please somebody. I write because I enjoy itтАЭ says Sudha Murty, an engineer, social worker, and one of the most prominent writers of India.

The first session of the Bangalore Literature Festival 2020 witnessed an interesting conversation between Sudha Murty and Andaleeb Wajid. Andaleeb Wajid is a Bangalore-based writer whose famous works include The Tamanna Trilogy, The Crunch Factor, My BrotherтАЩs Wedding, and More Than Just Biryani.

The session circled around Sudha MurtyтАЩs latest book, GrandparentsтАЩ bag of stories. Andaleeb started the discussion by asking about the inspiration behind writing this book. Sudha Murty said, when the covid lockdown began in March, she was wondering what she would have done during this pandemic if she was a kid. Because she grew up in a village, she thought of her grandparents and how they would have told her a lot of stories. тАЬI remembered I wrote a book тАШGrandmaтАЩs Bag of StoriesтАЩ, and thought why donтАЩt I write a sequel to it!тАЭ she recollected.

She pointed out that it took just 2-3 weeks to finish the book. While expressing her love towards the book, she compared its stories with pearls in a necklace and grandparents to the thread that holds the pearls together. She also added that she cherishes writing for children and young adults and recalled the sweetest comments she received from children.

When Andaleeb asked Sudha about her favourite choice between writing fiction and writing non-fiction, Sudha replied тАЬWhen I was young, I used to enjoy fiction. Now, I donтАЩt. For children, it has to be fiction. But for young adults, I prefer non-fiction as I always feel that life is stranger than fiction. In fiction, you imagine certain things, and it is directly proportional to the capacity of your imagination. When it comes to non-fiction, there are so many things that you cannot even imagine. There are no limits. Also, one can learn a lot from non-fiction and real life.тАЭ

Sudha threw some light on the kind of books she read in her childhood. She said she did not have much choice as there was no electricity or television in her village. Reading was the only entertainment in those times. She said she was more into epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, further acknowledging that it helped her in writing mythology in later years.

Speaking about current generation kids, Sudha said, making their reading sessions more interactive is the best advice she could give to make them enjoy literature.

When she was asked about the closest book to her, Sudha mentioned that тАЬHouse of cardsтАЭ could be the closest one as she spent 15 years thinking about it and was not easily convinced with the output. тАЬI write until I convince myself with my workтАЭ she added.

The session ended with Sudha Murty announcing her upcoming work which is going to be the second book of The Gopi Diaries Series. She plans to release it in January 2021.

About the Author: Sai Pradeep is an aspiring writer from Visakhapatnam who recently published his first collection of poetry, All the lights within us. He is working as a content writer in Bangalore. He currently writes for TheSeer.

Creator's-Image-ShwethaHS

Creator’s Image by Shwetha H S Looks for the Interesting in the Mundanities of Life

The difference between a full-blown novel and a short story is perhaps similar to that of a long term relationship and a one-night stand. A reader reads a short story without the expectation of a long term commitment but this very aspect of a short story compounds the pressure on the writer. The margin for error is nil. The author cannot make mistakes in the first page to compensate for them in the subsequent pages. What comes about in those few thousand words lasts as the first and the final impression of the encounter on the reader’s mind.

Shwetha H S begins her short stories collection with the title-story Creator’s Image which is a deeply reflective metaphorical tale about the human civilization. With multi-layers of deliberation presented with intelligent twists and turns, this story holds the book together. There are ten other stories which tell us the tales of extraordinary moments of our ordinary lives. In fact, the selection of subjects and plot betray Shwetha’s love for the fleeting moments of life, her attempts to hold them for a little longer in her gaze and pluck a story out from those moments.

Most of the stories are relatable and you will find parts of yourself in one or the other tale. The stage is most often a snapshot of the routine life. Through the course of the story, her pen closes in on one character who can be considered the protagonist. She deals with the character in greater details and the suspense hangs around this character’s action or inaction. While this method works for a few of the stories, it also makes a few of them predictable. As a result, they end up short of making a lasting impact. The stories that hit the mark linger with you for sometime and keep you invested in the plot even after they have ended.

The book also deals with moments of dilemma humans face while making decisions in life, no matter how significant or insignificant. This pits the reader’s choices against those of the characters time and again and makes for a very fluid vantage point which does not distance itself too much away from the characters and the stories. You will find yourself in situations where your vantage point gets flooded away with helplessness and there remains hardly any difference between you as a reader and the characters sketched in the stories.

The language is lucid and mature. The author has constructed her stories with not a word extra or unnecessary. There is no needless rhetoric or the microscopic background details. She balances the ‘told’ and the ‘untold’ deftly in all her stories and the reader is neither dumbed down nor is left to stray too far in the dark at any point.

My favourite stories in the book are Tears of the Goddess, To Each His Own, and Creator’s Image. The book is available on Amazon Kindle and if you are looking for a quick-read without having to commit to the rigours of reading a big fat novel in the already ominous season of lockdowns and unlocks, Creator’s Image is the one night stand you are looking for.

You can buy the book here.

Thirty Dates in Thirty Days

Wake up. Wash hands. Cook food. Wash hands. Finish editing the article. Wash hands. Eat. Wash hands. Webstream and chill. Wash hands. Eat. Wash hands. Scroll down the news feed. Read. Wash hands. Off to bed. Wake up. Repeat. One day was rolling into another, an endless loop with nothing except sundown and sunrise to mark the fact that the date had changed. The day I picked up my phone to check whether the day was Sunday or Monday, I realized something had to give. I had to break this infinite loop before it started feeling like a noose tightening around me.

I needed help, and so I turned to my oldest and most trusted friends – stories. Stories have always been my portal to different times, different spaces. They’ve been the most stress-free way to make new acquaintances, some who became lifelong friends with permanent spots on my bookshelves and some from whom I grew apart, and they moved on. Continuing with the next one on my 2020 reading list did not feel right. Nothing in 2020 was going as per plan, so why should my reading plan be spared!

 

The thing with the lockdown and this pandemic is that there is no missing endpoint. No one, not scientists, doctors, experts… no one can do anything more than shrug when asked – when will this end? What we are hoping for is a single word answer, what we get is a thesis filled with data, ifs and buts, and before they get into the appendices, we have tuned off. This lack of an end in sight is unnerving. That’s what my loopy routine needed – a way to mark the end of the day and something new to look forward to the next day. Stories in long-form would not fall in line with this plan. Maybe, short stories? Novellas? And then it struck me – a new acquaintance every day and perhaps to reacquaint with a few who have been sitting around gaining wrinkles.

 

I start at a happy place – a childhood favourite, Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s The Little Prince. Rereading it after almost three decades, I realize that this time around I catch the parable that the writer has whispered between the lines. I sleep happy that night. Next on the cards are short stories by Philip Roth who had left quite an impression on me last year with his Goodbye, Columbus. The short stories I pick focus on the theme of religion and tolerance without being overbearing. Another childhood favourite Astrid Lindgreen’s Pippi Longstocking sweeps me up in nostalgia. Next, I mix things up with reading a play script, something which I usually do with a group of friends. But, hey friends have dehydrated into pings on the phone and boxes on the computer screen! I pick a long overdue read Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, a play layered with social and individual tension.

 

Ibsen’s comment on society nudges me in the direction of Saadat Manto’s short stories. Manto once defended the theme in his writing with these words – “If you cannot bear these stories, then the society is unbearable. Who am I to remove the clothes of this society which itself is naked.” After a quick hey-ho to Herman Melville in the 19th century, a ping on the phone pulls me back to the present. It is India’s favourite cartoonist R K Laxman’s The Best of Laxman, one of the many freebies that are appearing in our realms to help make the lock-in bearable. Another play, this time British dramatist Willy Russell’s One For the Road drives home the point that tragedy when cloaked with comedy hits hard. As I ponder over my next day’s read, a thin spine catches my eye. The cover is a sage green that time has muted down – Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali. A gift, it has sat in the shadows of the tomes around it for half a decade. Yeats, in his introduction, says Tagore’s ‘songs brought out a world that he had always dreamed of.‘ As I read on, I echo this feeling. My tenth date on the tenth day is with British-Zimbabwean writer Doris Lessing. The author’s ability to spot stories in the ordinary through her observation of the vagaries of human behaviour strikes a chord. It’s the kind of writer I hope to become. Ten days of reading a different author each day has added a beat to the hum and drum.

 

 

Next, I pick a modern romance Edan Lepucki’s If You’re Not Yet Like Me. A far cry from the teeth-decaying sweet romances I grew up, the writer’s choice of backing a flawed protagonist makes it relatable. I follow it up with Punch Goes Abroad, a compilation of travel articles that initially featured in Punch Magazine. It is speed dating at its best as Miles Kington, Julian Barnes, and a few others do their best to woo me. Day 13 introduces me to a new name, Isaac Bashevis Singer, whose stories lead me to a world I know nothing of and hold me trapped there much after the stories end. From new introductions to the always-and-forever, Ernest Hemingway with A Big two Hearted River and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. The next day brings home The Rich Boy by F. Scott Fitsgerald, which carries some shades of Gatsby.

 

 

A tweet alerts me to a new author, Norwegian Joe Fosse. His novella And Then My Dog Will Come Back To Me starts with an innocuous event but soon takes hairpin bend twists and turns. Or does it? The doubts persist though the tale ends. The next few days are what become, by chance not decision, my classic phase. I read Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain,  William Faulkner and Jack London. The only interruption is Bernard Pomerance’s brilliantly conceived play The Elephant Man, which is read out loud over a Zoom call with a group of fellow readers and followed by a spirited discussion.  The classic phase is followed by some contemporary geniuses Kazuo Ishiguro’s Nocturnes and another eternal love Haruki Murakami’s The Folklore of Our Times.

 

 

A week away from a month of reading a different author every day, and it occurs to me that I have neglected contemporary Indian writers. V S Naipaul‘s Indian origin gets him a foot through the door and his short stories in A Flag on the Island paint a vivid picture of life on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. From the Caribbean, it is a quick flight back home to Mumbai. Rohinton Mistry’s Firozsha Baug acquaints the reader with life in the Parsi colonies that dot the city. Another Indian writer on my list is Satyajit Ray with his short story Bonku Babu’s Friend. True to his style, the writer uses a straightforward narrative to hold a mirror before us that compels us to examine ourselves, uncomfortable as it may be. Another neglected group on my list is women writers, and with month-end looming close, I turn to two celebrated women. Virginia Woolf’s short stories The Mark on the Wall and Kew Gardens are in her characteristic stream of consciousness style. Her ability to stretch and collapse moments is astounding. She is followed by Alice Munro with The Bear That Came Over The Mountain which redefines love when seen through a more pragmatic lens. It’s day 30, and the recommendation has come from the great Murakami, a name that made an appearance in his short story Kenzaburo Oe. His Aghwee, the Sky Monster delves into the theme of mental disorder with a subtlety that is befitting of the point of view character. I am enamoured, and I see the merit in exploring a longer relationship with Oe.

 

 

What next? Perhaps, a new reading goal. For now though I am revelling in the many moments that these stories created in the last thirty days. If it weren’t for them, the days would have connected together in a flatline, and that is no way to live.

Illustrations Himali Kothari


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Tagore’s Classroom

BoiTHEK is a bookstore in Bangalore that caters exclusively to Bengali readers in the city. The place also transforms itself into a cultural cafe encouraging many forms of art like music, dance and theatre. When a friend approached Bookstalkist to conduct a Yard of the Bard event in BoiTHEK, the first thought that flashed across our minds was Tagore. I have three copies of Gitanjali with me. One of them, I bought for myself and the other two of were gifted by Bengali friends, indeed.Thanks to my interactions with friends from West Bengal, I did know how Tagore, Gitanjali, and Rabindra Sangeet were celebrated by the Bengali speaking lot. However, being someone who weeps over Tagore’s The Cabuliwallah, I had to discuss the other aspects of Tagore’s mastery as well. So, we decided to discuss Tagore beyond his much revered Gitanjali and ask all those questions that have been lingering in our heads for long.

We began with “How do you connect with Tagore? ” The answer was almost unanimous – Rabindra Sangeet, except probably one who connects through his paintings. But just as we had feared not many of them had experienced Tagore beyond his songs. Interestingly, some of them had hated Tagore and his songs as a child and some of them learnt Tagore’s verses only to impress a girlfriend or partner. However, as they grew up they have come to look up to his songs as a panacea for all sorts of troubles in their lives. An important observation while discussing why Tagore was not read as much was that although Tagore never created for the galleries, the custodians of Tagore’s art seemed to have continued an ‘elitist’ approach and denied the masses an easier access to his works for a long time. Only in recent times have they opened it up for the public at large. While the statement might need to be validated with a larger audience, it was intriguing nonetheless. The above scenario also seemed to have paved way for people to appreciate writers like Satyajit Ray who came after Tagore. However irrespective of how much they had read of Tagore everyone clearly revered Tagore because he was the pride of Bengal.

The session was split into two parts. During the first part of the session we discussed the short stories of Tagore. When we introduced some of the short stories, some faces lit up in recognition. They had read a couple of them as a part of their curriculum and the group had the opportunity to go down the memory lane with those stories. Not only did we discuss the stories but also the hidden metaphors and messages that Tagore was leaving for his readers.Some of the stories that were discussed include The Cabulliwallah, Subha, Homecoming, The Child’s return, The Postmaster, Master Mashai etc. The group also dwelled briefly upon Gora and Chokher Bali. The short stories set the platform to discuss Tagore’s take on a lot of societal issues including women’s role in the society.

The second part of the session was designed to introduce the audience to the non-fictions of Tagore. Since it is impossible to talk of his works in entirety in an hour, we decided to focus on his collection of essays and lectures titled Nationalism. If there is one work of Tagore which need to be read thoroughly at this juncture of heightened nationalism and anti-nationalism, it must be ‘Nationalism’. We quoted for the audience few gems from the book. Some those quotes did leave the audience unsettled despite their adulation for Tagore. Nevertheless, we did have a bunch of open minded audience and the ideas from Tagore did leave them with something to ponder over. We hope that this pondering will help build a better society.

While the audience thought that they had not read much of Tagore, in reality they did start their first lessons in Bengali from Tagore. Even as we talk, Tagore’s Sahaj Path continues to be the first classroom for any beginner in Bengali. As we walked out of the discussion that evening, we knew for sure that at least some of them would take home a little more of Tagore to keep them company.

рдЙрд▓рдЭрддреЗ рдмрдВрдзрди – Rakshabandhan Special

рдХрд░реАрдм резреи-резрей рдмрд░рд╕ рдХрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдирдП рдкреЬреЛрд╕реА рдЖрдпреЗ рдереЗ рдЙрд╕ рджрд┐рдиред рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдЙрдирдХреА рдорджрдж рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рднреЗрдЬрд╛ред рдПрдХ рдЯреНрд░рдХ рднрд░ рдХрд░ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдерд╛ред рдХрд╛рдлреА рдЪреАреЫреЗрдВ рдереАрдВред рдШрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдмрд╕ рд╕рд┐рдиреНрд╣рд╛ рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рдЦреБрдж, рдЙрдирдХреА рдкрддреНрдиреА рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреА рдмреЗрдЯреА рдереАред рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдмреЗрдЯреА рддреЛ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдмреИрда рдЧрдП, рд╕реЛ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рдиреЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдЙрддрд╛рд░рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рд░рдЦрд╛ред рдерд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ, рдЪрдореНрдордЪ, рдорд┐рдХреНрд╕рд░ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдЗрдВрдбрд░ – рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рддреЛ рдпрд╣реА рдЙрда рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдХрд░реАрдм рддреАрди рд╕реЗ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдШрдВрдЯреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдпреЗ рдХрд╛рдо рдкреВрд░рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖред рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рдиреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЖрдХрд░ рдмреИрдардиреЗ рдХреЛ рдХрд╣рд╛ред рдпрд╣реА рд╕реЛрдЪрдХрд░ рдХрд┐ рдХреБрдЫ рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдкреАрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧрд╛, рдореИрдВ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдмреИрда рдЧрдпрд╛ред

рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рдиреЗ рдЖрд╡рд╛реЫ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдИ – тАЬрдмреЗрдЯрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА, реЫрд░рд╛ рд░реБрдЖрдлреЫрд╛ рдкрд┐рд▓рд╛рдУ рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢ рдХреЛ, рдХрд╛рдлреА рдореЗрд╣рдирдд рдХреА рд╣реИ рд▓реЬрдХреЗ рдиреЗредтАЭ

рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдХреЗ рдХрдорд░реЗ рд╕реЗ рдЬреА рдкрд╛рдкрд╛ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╛реЫ рдЖрдИред рдмреЗрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдлрд░рдорд╛рдИрд╢ рджреЗрдХрд░ рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рдирд╣рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдЪрд▓ рджрд┐рдПред рдореИрдВ рдореЗрд╣рдорд╛рдирдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдХреЗрд▓рд╛ рдмреИрдард╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ред рд╢рд░рдмрдд рдХреЗ рдЗрдВрддреЫрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЖрдБрдЦ рд▓рдЧ рдЧрдИред рджреЛ рд╕реЗ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрдм рдмрдЬ рдЧрдП рдкрддрд╛ рд╣реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЪрд▓рд╛ред рдЬрд┐рд╕ рд╕реЛрдлреЗ рдиреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЖрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдердХрд╛рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдЙрд╕реА рдиреЗ рдереЛреЬрд╛ рд╕реБрдХреВрди рднреА рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдпреЗ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╢реБрдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЕрдм рд╡реЛ рддреЛ рд╢рд░рдмрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрдирд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ред рдЬрдм рдореИрдВ рдЙрдард╛ рддреЛ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рдХреА рдХреБрд░реНрд╕реА рдкрд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдмреИрдареА рдереА рдФрд░ рдЯреЗрдмрд▓ рдкрд░ рд░реБрдЖрдлреЫрд╛ред

рд░реБрдЖрдлреЫрд╛ рдХреА рдЙрдореНрд░ рдХрд░реАрдм рдбреЗреЭ рдШрдВрдЯреЗ рд╣реБрдИ рдереА рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдореЗрд░реА рд╣рдордЙрдореНрд░ рд▓рдЧ рд░рд╣реА рдереАред рдЙрд╕реЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рджреЗрдЦ рдХрд░ рдореИрдВ рдЭреЗрдк рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЗрддрдиреА рд╕реБрдиреНрджрд░ рд▓реЬрдХреА рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА реЫрд┐рдиреНрджрдЧреА рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╣рд▓реА рдмрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдЦреА рдереАред рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рд╡реЛ рд╕рдордЭ рдЧрдпреА рдереА рдХрд┐ рдореИрдВ рдмрд╛рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рдкрд╛рдКрдВрдЧрд╛ рд╕реЛ рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рд╣реА рдХрд╣рд╛ –

рддреБрдо рддреЛ рд╕реЛ рдЧрдП рдереЗ, рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЙрдард╛рдиреЗ рдХреЛред рддреБрдо рдХреМрди рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдкреЭрддреЗ рд╣реЛ? рдЕрднреА рддреЛ рдореБрдЭреЗ рднреА рдПрдбрдорд┐рд╢рди рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА рдмрд┐рд▓реНрдХреБрд▓ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА рдереАред рдореИрдВ рддреЛ рддрдм рдмрд┐рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╢рд╛рд╣реА рдХрд▓рд╛рдо рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рдерд╛ – рд╣рдо рдЖ рдЬрд╛рдпреЗрдВрдЧреЗ, рд╣рдо рд╣реЛрдорд╡рд░реНрдХ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рд╣реИрдВтАж” рдЗрддрдиреА рдореАрдареА рдмреЛрд▓реА рдФрд░ рдРрд╕реА рд╕реБрдЧрдард┐рдд рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЙрдореНрд░ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХрднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рджреЗрдЦреА рдереАред рдкрддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдореИрдВ рдереЛреЬрд╛ рд╕рд╣рдо рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╡реШреНрдд реЫрдмрд╛рди рдереЛреЬреА рд▓реЬрдЦреЬрд╛рдИред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдРрд╕реЗ рд▓реЗ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЬрдордирд╛ рдмрд╛рдИ рдХреЗ рдХреЛрдареЗ рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рд╣реЛред рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдПрдХ рджреЛрд╕реНрдд рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдмрддрд╛рдХрд░ рдореБрдЭреЗ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдореБрдЭреЗ рддреЛ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рдордЭ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЖрдпрд╛ред рдЬрдордирд╛ рдмрд╛рдИ рдиреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдЦреАрд░ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдХрд░ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд▓рддрд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд╛ред рдореБрдЭреЗ рддреЛ рдЦреАрд░ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рд▓рдЧреА рдереА, рд╕реЛ рдЦреБрд╢ рд╣реЛ рдХрд░, рдЙрдирдХреЛ рд╢реБрдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрджрд╛ рдХрд░ рдХреЗ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдерд╛ рдкрд░ рд╡реЛ рджреЛрд╕реНрдд рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рдЦреАрд░ рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╕реЛ рдЬрдордХрд░ рдкрд┐рдЯрд╛рдИ рд╣реБрдИ рдереА рдЙрд╕рдХреАред

рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдмрддрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдПрдХ рдбрд╛рдпрд░реА рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ред рд░реБрдЖрдлреЫрд╛ рдкреАрдХрд░ рдореИрдВ рдШрд░ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рдХрд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╡реШреНрдд рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ тАШрдмрд╛рдптАЩ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ – рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдмрд╛рдпред рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдХрд╣рддреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрдирд╛ рдерд╛ред рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд▓реЬрдХреА рдиреЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реА рдмрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рдп рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛, рдореЗрд░реЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХреЛрдИ рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдерд╛ред рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рд╕реЗ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рдерд╛ рд╡реЛ тАШрдмрд╛рдптАЩред

рдШрд░ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрд╛ рддреЛ рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рджреЗрд░ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╡рдЬрд╣ рдкреВрдЫреАред рдлрд┐рд░ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдпрд╛рдж рдЖрдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдореИрдВ рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдд рднреВрд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреЛ рд░рд╛рдд рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдмреБрд▓рд╛ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ред рдЙрд╕ рджрд┐рди рдореБрдЭреЗ рдпреЗ рдПрд╣рд╕рд╛рд╕ рд╣реБрдЖ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рд░ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдмреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдорд┐рд▓рддреЗред рддрдЬреБрд░реНрдмреЗ рд╕реЗ рднреА рдХреБрдЫ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рдорд┐рд▓рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдХреЛрдИ рд▓реЬрдХреА рдЬреЛ рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдЕрдм рдмрд╛рдп рдХрд╣реЗ, рдореЗрд░реЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рддреЛ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдерд╛ред

рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдореИрдВ рдлрд┐рд░ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдпреЗ рдХрд╣рдиреЗ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдд рдХрд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рд╣реИред рджрд░рд╡рд╛реЫреЗ рдкрд░ рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдереАрдВред рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдЖрдПрдЧреА рддреЛ рдЙрд╕ рдмрд╛рдп рдХрд╛ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рджреЗ рджреВрдВрдЧрд╛ рдкрд░ рд╡реЛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереАред рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдиреНрдпреМрддрд╛ рджреЗрдХрд░ рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рдЖ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд░рд╛рдд рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдБ-рдкрд┐рддрд╛рдЬреА рдЖрдпреЗред рдореИрдВ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╡реШреНрдд рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рд╣реА рдкрд░реЛрд╕рддрд╛ рд░рд╣ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдмреЬреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдмрд╛рддрдЪреАрдд рдХреАред рдЙрдирдХрд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ реЩрддреНрдо рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдореИрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдерд╛рд▓реА рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХрдорд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд▓рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдХрд░реАрдм рджреЛ рд░реЛрдЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЦрд╛ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдПрдХ рдЖрд╡рд╛реЫ рдореЗрд░реЗ рдХрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкреЬреА – рд░реЛрдЯреА рд▓реЛрдЧреЗ?‘ рд╕рд░ рдКрдкрд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдЦреЬреА рдереА – рд╣рд╛рде рдореЗрдВ рдерд╛рд▓реА, рдЙрд╕рдореЗрдВ рджреЛ рд░реЛрдЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдБред

рднреВрдЦ рддреЛ рдорд░ рдЪреБрдХреА рдереА рдкрд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдордирд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рди рдмрдирд╛ред рд╕реЛ рджреЛ рд░реЛрдЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдФрд░ рдЦрд╛ рд▓реАрдВред рдЕрдВрдХрд▓, рдкрд╛рдкрд╛, рдорд╛рдБ рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрдЯреА – рдЕрднреА рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдкрд░ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдКрдм рдЪреБрдХреА рдереАред рдореЗрд░рд╛ рдорди рддреЛ рдХрд╣ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рд╡реЛ рдпреЗ рд╕рдордЭ рд▓реЗ рдХрд┐ рдореИрдВ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛рдпреЗрдВ рд╕реБрдирд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдПрдХ рджреЛ рдмрд╛рд░ рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░реЗ рднреА рдХрд┐рдпреЗ, рдкрд░ рдЬрдм рд╡реЛ рдореЗрд░реА рддрд░рдл рджреЗрдЦрддреА рддрдм рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░реЗ рдХреА рд╣рд┐рдореНрдордд рди рд╣реЛрддреАред рдЗрддрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╛рдкрд╛ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ – рдЕрд░реЗ, рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢ рдмреЗрдЯрд╛, рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ – рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕реБрдирд╛рдУрдЧреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ ?”рдореБрдЭреЗ рдпреЗ рднреА рдордВреЫреВрд░ рдерд╛ред рдпреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪ рдХрд░ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдмрдХреЗ рдмрд╣рд╛рдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рднреА рд╕реБрди рд▓реЗрдЧреА, рдореИрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдбрд╛рдпрд░реА рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдореЗрд╣рдорд╛рдирдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЖ рдЧрдпрд╛ред

рдореИрдВ рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛рдпреЗрдВ рддреЛ рд╕реБрдирд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдкрд░ рд╕реБрди рд╕рд┐рд░реНрдл рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рд░рд╣реА рдереАред рдмрд╛рдХреА рд▓реЛрдЧ рдмрд╛рддреЗрдВ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдЗрд╕ рд╢реЛрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдереЛреЬреА рджреЗрд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдЕрдкрдирд╛рдкрди рд╕рд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдбрд╛рдпрд░реА рдХреЗ рдкрдиреНрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдлрд┐рд░ рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛред рдЕрдкрдиреА рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ рдХреА рдкрдВрдХреНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдЪреЗрд╣рд░реЗ рдкрд░ рд▓рд╣рд░рд╛рддреЗ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рд╕рдкрдиреЗ рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдкрд╣рд▓реА рдмрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдЗрддрдиреЗ рдЧреМрд░ рд╕реЗ рд╕реБрдирд╛ рдерд╛ред

рд╢рд╛рдо реЩрддреНрдо рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдЖрдИ рдФрд░ рд╕рд┐рдиреНрд╣рд╛ рдЕрдВрдХрд▓ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдХреЛ рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдШрд░ рдЪрд▓реЗ рдЧрдПред рд░рд╛рдд рдХреЛ рд╕реЛрддреЗ рд╡реШреНрдд рдореИрдВ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЛрдЪрддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ред рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдорди рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рд╕ рддрд░рд╣ рдХреЗ рдЬреЫреНрдмрд╛рдд рдереЗ, рдХреИрд╕реА рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛рдПрдБ рдереАрдВ, рдпреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рдерд╛редрдмрд╕ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдпрд╛рдж рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдм рдХреБрдЫ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд▓рдЧ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╕реБрдмрд╣ рдХреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЗрдВрддреЫрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдореИрдВ рд╕реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред

рдЙрдард╛ рддреЛ рдХрд╛рдлреА рджрд┐рди рдмреАрдд рдЧрдП рдереЗред рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рджрд╛рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдФрд░ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реБрдЖред рд╢рд╛рдо рдХреЛ рдмрд╕ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдЦреЗрд▓рддреЗ рд╡реШреНрдд рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдирд╛ рд╣реЛ рдкрд╛рддрд╛ред рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдХрдИ рдФрд░ рджреЛрд╕реНрдд рднреА рдмрди рдЪреБрдХреЗ рдереЗред рдЕрдм рдмрд╛рддрдЪреАрдд реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рдкрд╛рддреА рдереАред рдореИрдВ рднреА рдХреНрд▓рд╛рд╕рд╡рд░реНрдХ – рд╣реЛрдорд╡рд░реНрдХ рдХреЗ рдЬрд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдЦреБрд╢рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдвреВрдВрдврдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╕реЛрдЪрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╡реШреНрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдорд┐рд▓рд╛ред рдмрд╕ рдпреЗ рдпрд╛рдж рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЗрдореНрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рди рдХреЗ рдирддреАрдЬреЗ рдЖрдпреЗ рдереЗ рддреЛ рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдиреЗ рдореЗрд░реЗ рдирдВрдмрд░ рдкреВрдЫреЗ рдереЗред рдХрд░реАрдм рдкрд╛рдБрдЪ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдорд┐рд▓реЗ рдереЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рд╕реЗред рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдХрд╛ рдЪреЗрд╣рд░рд╛ рдЙрддрд░ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдд рдХрд╛ рдорд╣реАрдирд╛ рдерд╛ред рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдмрдВрдзрди рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рдиред рдореЗрд░реА рдХреЛрдИ рд╕рдЧреА рдмрд╣рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереАред рд╕реЛ рдорд╛рдБ рд╣реА рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдмрд╛рдВрдзрддреА рдереА рд╣рд░ рд╕рд╛рд▓ред рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рд░ рднреА рдХреБрдЫ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЖрд╕рд╛рд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереЗред рдореИрдВ рдирд╣рд╛рдХрд░, рдкреВрдЬрд╛ рдХрд░ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдБ рдХрд╛ рдЗрдВрддреЫрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЗрддрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рд╣рд╛рде рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рдерд╛рд▓реА рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдЖ рдЧрдпреАред рд╕рд╛рде рдореЗрдВ рдЖрдВрдЯреА рднреА рдереАрдВред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдиреЗ рд╣рд░реЗ рд░рдВрдЧ рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╣рдВрдЧрд╛ рдкрд╣рди рд░рдЦрд╛ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдерд╛рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рд░реЛреЬреА, рдЪрдиреНрджрди, рд▓рдбрдбреВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдПрдХ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рд░рдЦреА рдереАред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдмрд╛рдБрдзреАред рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдорд╛рдБ рдХреЗ рджрд┐рдП резрежрез рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рджрд┐рдПред рдпреЗ рд╕рдм реЩрддреНрдо рд╣реБрдЖ рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ – рдЕрдм рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рднрд╛рдИ-рдмрд╣рди рд╕рд╛рде рдкреЭрд╛рдИ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛рдИ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗред” рдореЗрд░реА рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рднреА рд╣рдБрд╕рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рд╣рд╛рдореА рднрд░ рджреАред

рдореИрдВ рдЦреБрд╢ рдерд╛ред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рднреА рдЦреБрд╢ рдереАред рд░рд╛рдЦреА рд╕реЗ реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЦреБрд╢ рдереЗ рд╣рдо рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдХреНрдпреВрдВрдХрд┐ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рде рдкрд╕рдВрдж рдерд╛ред

рдкрд╛рдкрд╛ рдиреЗ рд╕рд┐рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рд░рд╛рдд рдХреЛ рд╕реЛрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рджрд┐рди рднрд░ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рд╕реЛрдЪрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рджрд┐рди рднрд░ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдмреБрд░рд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдХрд▓ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдФрд░ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ – рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░ рдордирди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпреЗ рд╣рд░ рд░реЛреЫ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдмрди рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдореЗрд░реЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдХреА рд░рд╛рдд рдХреЛ рднреА рдореИрдВ рд╕реЛрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╕реЛрдЪрддреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪрддреЗ рдмрд╛рдд рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдкрд░ рдЖрдИред рдореИрдВ рдпреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рддреЛ рдореЗрд░реА рдмрд╣рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереА рдкрд░ рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдмрд╛рдБрдзреА ? рдпрд╣реА рд╕реЛрдЪ рдХрд░ рд╕реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЖрдВрдЯреА рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдХрдо рдирдореНрдмрд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рджреБрдЦреА рдереАрдВ рдФрд░ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреА рдереАрдВ рдХрд┐ рд╣рдо рдХрд┐рд╕реА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреЭрд╛рдИ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рдореБрдЭреЗ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рджрд┐рдХреНрдХрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереАред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдореЗрд░реЗ рдорди рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛ рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛рдПрдБ рдереАрдВ, рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдореБрдЭреЗ рдЖрдЬ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рд╣реИред рдкрд░ рдпреЗ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдз рдирдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдпрдиреЗ рдореЗрд░реА рдЙрдореНрд░ рд╕реЗ реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдмреЬреЗ рдереЗ рддрдмред

рд╣рдо рд╕рд╛рде рдореЗрдВ рдкреЭрдиреЗ рд▓рдЧреЗред рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдЧрдгрд┐рдд рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдереА, рдореЗрд░реА рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА – рд╕реЛ рдЬреЛреЬреА рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдЬрдо рд░рд╣реА рдереАред рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдПрдХ рд╣рдлреНрддрд╛ рд╣реА рдмреАрддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдпреЗ рдкреВрдЫ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкреЭрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдореИрдВ рдЙрд╕реЗред рдЧреНрд░реБрдк рд╕реНрдЯрдбреА рдХреЛ рдЬрд▓реНрджреА реЩрддреНрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЖрджреЗрд╢ рдЖрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпреЗ рдмрд╛рдд рдореЗрд░реА рд╕рдордЭ рд╕реЗ рдкрд░реЗ рдереАред рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдорд╛рдБ рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдкреВрдЫрд╛ – рддреБрдо рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рд╣реА рддреЛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╕рд╛рде рдореЗрдВ рдкреЭрд╛рдИ рдХрд░реЛ, рдЕрдм рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛?” рдорд╛рдБ рдиреЗ рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╣реБрдХреНрдо рджрд┐рдпрд╛ – рдЬреЛ рдХрд╣рддреА рд╣реВрдБ рд╡реЛ рд╕реБрдиреЛред реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╣реА рд╕рд╛рде рдкреЭ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реЛ рддреБрдо рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ, рдЦреБрдж рдХреА рднреА рдкреЭрд╛рдИ рдХрд░реЛред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рднреА рддреЗреЫ рд╣реИ, рдЦреБрдж рдкреЭ рд▓реЗрдЧреАред” рдЕрдЧрд▓реЗ рджрд┐рди рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдкреЭрдиреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЖрдИред рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдШрд░ рдкрд░ рднреА рд╡рд╣реА рд╣реБрдЖред

рдПрдХ рдорд╣реАрдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЗрдореНрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рди рд╣реБрдПред рдореЗрд░реЗ рдирдВрдмрд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рдереЗ рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рд░ред рдШрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ рджреЛрд╖ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдореЗрд░реЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреЭрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдорд╛рдБ рдХреБрдЫ реЫреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдХрдареЛрд░ рдереАред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдлреА рднрд▓рд╛ рдмреБрд░рд╛ рдХрд╣рд╛ред рдореЗрд░реА рд╕рдордЭ рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЖ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╕реЛрдЪрддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ред рдЕрдм рддрдХ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рднрд╛рдИ-рдмрд╣рди рдХреЗ рд░рд┐рд╢реНрддреЗ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдпрдиреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рдордЭ рдореЗрдВ рдЖ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рддреЗрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдХреЗ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧ рдХреА рдЙрдерд▓ рдкреБрдерд▓ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдХреЛрдИ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╕рдордЭрддрд╛ред рд╕рднреА рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЧреВрдВрдерд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рдЖрдЯрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдПрдХ рддреЗрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЬрдХрд╛ – рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд▓рдирд╛ рд╣реИ – рдмреЗрд▓ рд▓реЛред рдпреЗ рдореИрдВ рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЧреБрд╕реНрд╕реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд░реЛрдЯреА рдереЛреЬреА рдЖреЬреА-рдЯреЗреЭреА рд╣реЛ рдЧрдИ рдереА рдорд╛рдБ рдХреАред рдЙрд╕реА рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрдХрд░ рдпреЗ рдЦреНрдпрд╛рд▓ рдЖ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдпрд╣реА рд╕рдм рд╕реЛрдЪрддреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪрддреЗ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рджрд┐рди рдХрд╛ рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдЙрдард╛рдпрд╛ред рдкреЭрддреЗ рдкреЭрддреЗ рдПрдХ рдХреЛрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рдЦрдмрд░ рдкрд░ рдиреЫрд░ рдкреЬреА рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдПрдХ рдкрдВрджреНрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рд▓реЬрдХреЗ рдиреЗ рдкреЬреЛрд╕ рдХреА рд▓реЬрдХреА рдХрд╛ рдмрд▓рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред рд▓реЬрдХреА рддреЗрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдереАред рддрдм рдмрд▓рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рдерд╛ред рд╕рдордЭрддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдмрд▓рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рддрдм рдореБрдЭреЗ рдпрд╣реА рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдореЗрд░реЗ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рдорд┐рд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЕрдЧрд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдХреЛрдИ рдХрднреА рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдореИрдВ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░реВрдБрдЧрд╛ред рдЕрдЧрд░ рдореЛрд╣рд▓реНрд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдкрдВрджреНрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рд▓реЬрдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рддреЛ рдореИрдВ рдЙрдирдХреА рдорд░рдореНрдордд рдХрд░ рджреВрдВрдЧрд╛ред

рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдХрд╛рдлреА рд╡реШреНрдд рдирд┐рдХрд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдореИрдВ рдЕрдм рдХрд░реАрдм рдмрд╛рдЗрд╕ рдмрд░рд╕ рдХрд╛ рд╣реВрдБред рдЖрдЬ рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдмрдВрдзрди рд╣реИред рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЛрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд╢рд╛рджреА рдЬрд▓реНрджреА рд╣реЛ рдЧрдИред рдЬрд┐рддрдиреЗ рднреА рджрд┐рди рдореЛрд╣рд▓реНрд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣реА, рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдХрднреА рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдиреЗ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рддрдм рд╕реЛрдЪрддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХреНрдпреВрдВрдХрд┐ рдореИрдВ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рднрд╛рдИ рд╣реВрдБ, рдХреЛрдИ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░рддрд╛ред рдкрд░ рдЕрдм рд╣рдХреАрдХрдд рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╛рдордирд╛ рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдореЛрд╣рд▓реНрд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рдкрдВрджреНрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЬрдХрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдерд╛ред рдмрд╛рдХреА рд╕рдм рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рд╣рдо рд╕реЗ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдереЗред рддреЛ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдиреЗ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдмрд╛рдБрдзреА? рдЖрдЬ рддреЛ рдЙрд╕ рд╕реЗ рдмрд╛рдд рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддреАред рди рд╣реА рд╡реЛ рдХрднреА рдХреЛрдИ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рднреЗрдЬрддреА рд╣реИред

рднрд╛рдИ рдмрд╣рди рдХрд╛ рд░рд┐рд╢реНрддрд╛ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдпреЗ рдмрд╛рдд рдореБрдЭреЗ рдзреАрд░реЗ рдзреАрд░реЗ рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рд╣реБрдИред рдЕрдЧрд▓реЗ рд╕рд╛рдд рдЖрда рд╕рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдкреЬреЛрд╕реА рдЖрдпреЗ, рд╕рдмрдХреА рдмреЗрдЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдореЗрд░реА рдмрд╣рди рдмрди рдЧрдпреАрдВред рдпреЗ рдПрдХ рд░рд╕реНрдо рд╕рд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд╕рднреА рд░рд╛рдЦрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рди рдХреЛрдИ рдордХрд╕рдж рдерд╛ред

рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмреЬрд╛ рдЦрддрд░рд╛ рдореИрдВ рдерд╛ред рддреЗрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рдкреЬреЛрд╕ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЬрдХрд╛ рдерд╛ рдореИрдВ, рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдЪреМрджрд╣ рдХрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛тАж рдФрд░ рджреЛ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдкрдВрджреНрд░рд╣ рдХрд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ред рд╡рд╣реА рдкрдВрджреНрд░рд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЬрдХрд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдкреЬреЛрд╕ рдХреА рд▓реЬрдХреА рдХреЛ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рджрд░рдЕрд╕рд▓, рдореИрдВ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдЦреБрдж рд╕реЗ рдмрдЪрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдиреЗ рдореЗрд░реА рдХрд▓рд╛рдИ рдкрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрдВрдзрд╡рд╛рдИ рдереА рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рд╡реЛ рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдорд╣рдлреВреЫ рд░рд╣реЗред

-рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢ рдХреА рдбрд╛рдпрд░реА рд╕реЗ ред